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UNIKEN
Fix this textTHE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES
Fix this textNo. 159 (No. 18 of 1982)
Fix this textPublished fortnightly by the Public Affairs Unit
Fix this textRegistered by Australia Post-Publication No. NBF 4388
Fix this text5 November 1982
Fix this textTax - the hidden welfare system
Fix this textThe Australian taxation system disadvantages women and low income families with
Fix this textchildren while conferring benefits on those already better off, according to Carol Keens and
Fix this textBettina Cass of the Social Welfare Research Centre.
Fix this textTheir new report. Fiscal Welfare: Some Aspects
Fix this textof Australian Tax Policy. Class and Gender Consider-
Fix this textations, describes the tax system as an important
Fix this textinstrument of social policy that acts as a 'concealed
Fix this textmultiplier of existing income and wealth advantages'.
Fix this textFiscal welfare tax concessions, deductions
Fix this textand rebates, and the exclusion of such forms of
Fix this textincome as capital gain from the tax base is a cost
Fix this textto the community as much as social welfare, they
Fix this textsay. But because it benefits the better off and is a
Fix this text'hidden' form of assistance, it escapes the close
Fix this textscrutiny paid to social security expenditure.
Fix this textYet it has been estimated that in Australia (in
Fix this text1971-2) deductions and rebates reduced the tax
Fix this textbase by nearly 20 per cent and involved a loss of
Fix this textrevenue of more than a third of the sums actually
Fix this textraised.
Fix this textKeens and Cass argue that in the last decade,
Fix this textthe burden of taxation has fallen increasingly on
Fix this textPAYE taxpayers, particularly those at the lower end
Fix this textof the scale. They claim benefits flowing from the
Fix this texttax system have increased in value to an extent that
Fix this textsocial security payments have not, but that low paid
Fix this textworkers and social security beneficiaries (often
Fix this textwomen) are largely excluded from fiscal welfare
Fix this textbecause they do not earn enough to take advantage
Fix this textof deductions and rebates.
Fix this textBetween 1975 and 1982, the amount of PAYE
Fix this texttax going into the Taxation Office's coffers rose by
Fix this text148 per cent though wages increased by only 98 per
Fix this textcent. Over the same period, income from rent,
Fix this textinterest, dividends, etc rose by 125 per cent, but
Fix this textnon-PAYE tax paid increased by only 73 per cent.
Fix this textThe reason for this shift, the researchers say, is
Fix this textlargely because of the narrowness of the definition
Fix this textof income for tax purposes which includes wages but
Fix this textnot such things as capital gain, more likely to be
Fix this textmade by those already wealthy.
Fix this textOn top of this, the benefits to be gained within
Fix this textthe tax system go to the better off, who are mostly
Fix this textmen. (Women are heavily represented among the
Fix this textlower paid and social security recipients. In 1978—9,
Fix this textsocial security payments were the principal source of
Fix this textincome for 44 per cent of women and only 15 per
Fix this textcent of men.)
Fix this textIn 1978—80, only 21 per cent of couples whose
Fix this textincome fell below average male weekly earnings
Fix this textreceived the dependent spouse rebate, compared
Fix this textwith 43 per cent of couples whose income exceeded
Fix this textthat level. Thirty per cent of recipients overall had
Fix this textno dependent children.
Fix this textSole parent rebates (77 per cent of which go to
Fix this textwomen) are worth only 76 per cent of the spouse
Fix this textrebate.
Fix this textFamily allowances, a form of cash social
Fix this textsecurity rather than fiscal welfare, have not increased
Fix this textto the extent that spouse rebates have and even after
Fix this textan increase in the recent Budget, are worth 16 per
Fix this textcent less in real terms than in 1976.
Fix this textAlthough the principle that the
Fix this textpoor should not pay tax is supposedly
Fix this texta tenet of the tax system, Keens and
Fix this textCass say that because the level at
Fix this textwhich people are liable to pay tax
Fix this texthas not been indexed, an increasing
Fix this textnumber of households on the poverty
Fix this textline are taxed.
Fix this textThe report also points to the
Fix this textrelative shift of the tax burden from
Fix this texthigher to lower income groups be-
Fix this texttween 1975 and 1982 and from
Fix this texthouseholds without dependent chil-
Fix this textdren to those with children.
Fix this textChanges in the recent Budget
Fix this texthave reinforced the divisions between
Fix this textfiscal and social welfare, they say.
Fix this text'Of all families with dependent
Fix this textchildren, the Budget gives greatest
Fix this textassistance to single income families
Fix this text(i.e. with a dependent spouse) on
Fix this textabove average incomes who are in the
Fix this textprocess of buying their own homes.'
Fix this textThe party’s over-now for exams!
Fix this textAfter the end-of-term festivities, the days
Fix this textof reckoning begin. Here are some tips on how
Fix this textto perform best in the exams from Dr Fred
Fix this textOrr of the Student Counselling and Research
Fix this textUnit.
Fix this textBasics:
Fix this text• Don't deprive yourself of sleep —it is important
Fix this textto be rested and reasonably alert, but don't worry if
Fix this textyou have a sleepless night just before the exam
Fix this textresearch has shown you can miss out on a fair bit of
Fix this textsleep before your performance is affected;
Fix this text• go easy on the tea and coffee;
Fix this text• avoid any strong emotional dilemmas. The seas
Fix this textare already stormy, without adding to the waves by
Fix this textbreaking up a long-standing relationship;
Fix this text• try to keep your life on an even keel.
Fix this textIn the exam:
Fix this text• Should panic occur, shut your eyes, take a deep
Fix this textbreath and if that is not enough, picture a stop sign
Fix this textand repeat the word several times while clenching
Fix this textyour fist it helps to break the panicky thoughts.
Fix this textIf all fails and you are totally unable to go on,
Fix this textconsult a proctor;
Fix this text• if the question is beyond you, skip it and go on
Fix this textto answer the others so you get credit for what you
Fix this textknow;
Fix this text• it is always a good idea to make an outline of
Fix this textan essay question at the beginning, and if you are
Fix this textrunning out of time, jot down notes to give the ex-
Fix this textaminer an outline of your answer;
Fix this text• in multiple choice questions, unless guesses are
Fix this textpenalized, answer every question make sure you
Fix this textmark only one each time;
Fix this text• in maths and physics questions where credit is
Fix this textgiven for the correct procedure as well as the right
Fix this textanswer, make sure your work is neat;
Fix this text• try to write legibly at all times, it is in your
Fix this textown best interests.
Fix this textYou must arrive at your exam room by 9.30 am,
Fix this textor 2.30 pm for afternoon exams, otherwise you will
Fix this textnot be allowed in.
Fix this textIn an emergency contact the exam control
Fix this textcentre on 662 2483 for advice. It is staffed from
Fix this text7.30 am during exam time.
Fix this textNew lab for Biomed Engineering
Fix this textUNSW's Centre for Biomedical Engineer-
Fix this texting, unique in Australia in the breadth of its
Fix this textresearch activities, has just taken possession of
Fix this texta laboratory of its own on campus which was
Fix this textestablished at a cost of about half a million
Fix this textdollars.
Fix this textUp till now, the Centre's work has gone
Fix this texton in labs scattered across the campus. The
Fix this textState Minister for Health, Mr Laurie Brereton,
Fix this textwill officially open the new lab, in the base-
Fix this textment of the Wallace Wurth Building, on 8
Fix this textNovember.
Fix this textThis interdisciplinary centre marries the skills
Fix this textof the engineer and physical scientist with those of
Fix this textthe medical and biological scientist to improve the
Fix this textquality and economics of health care. Its aims are to
Fix this textfind new and better forms of treatment for a range
Fix this textof diseases and to tailor treatment to the individual
Fix this textpatient, through research and the training of
Fix this textprofessionals in all aspects of biomedical engineering.
Fix this textEstablished in 1976, the Centre now has 50
Fix this textstudents from Australia and overseas enrolled for
Fix this textPhDs or Masters degrees and has grown into a
Fix this textresearch and teaching institute of international
Fix this textsignificance.
Fix this textResearch in the Centre covers a wide field
Fix this textincluding biomechanics, rehabilitation engineering,
Fix this textartificial organs, the use of animal tissues to replace
Fix this textfaulty human ones, and the dynamics of the cardio-
Fix this textvascular system.
Fix this textA number of the Centre's research projects
Fix this textconcern the treatment of kidney failure, particularly
Fix this textthe investigation and evaluation of various forms of
Fix this textkidney dialysis. Work is being done on modulating,
Fix this textaccording to the patient, the amount of the anti-
Fix this textcoagulant drug heparin given to stop blood clotting
Fix this textin patients on dialysis or after open heart surgery.
Fix this textAn excess of the drug can, in dialysis patients, cause
Fix this textbleeding into the gut and exacerbate existing
Fix this textanaemia.
Fix this textResearch workers are also looking at the effect
Fix this textof trace such as aluminium, in the
Fix this textdialysate (the fluid used to take from the body the
Fix this textwastes removed by the kidneys in healthy people).
Fix this textA major project involves a new, internal form
Fix this textof dialysis. Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal
Fix this textDialysis (CARD) which the Centre's Director,
Fix this textAssociate Professor Peter Farrell, believes has great
Fix this textpotential for many of the 1,700 Australians suffering
Fix this textkidney disease. In CARD, the body's own peritoneal
Fix this textmembrane surrounding the internal organs is used to
Fix this textfilter out wastes.
Fix this textThis form of treatment keeps the patient at a
Fix this textsteady-state level and allows him or her to remain
Fix this textmobile, but there is a risk of infection through the
Fix this textpermanent catheter channelling dialysate into the
Fix this textbody. Researchers are looking at the functioning of
Fix this textthe peritoneal membrane and testing a commercial
Fix this textfilter designed to keep germs from travelling along
Fix this textthe catheter into the body.
Fix this textMembrane plasmapheresis or plasma exchange
Fix this texttherapy, used in the treatment of neurological
Fix this textdisorders and autoimmune diseases where the body
Fix this textattacks itself, like rheumatoid arthritis, is also under
Fix this textinvestigation. Plasma exchange therapy involves
Fix this textreplacing blood plasma that contains too many anti-
Fix this textbodies, but scientists are trying to develop agents
Fix this textwhich will purify plasma of particular antibodies and
Fix this textmake plasma replacement unnecessary.
Fix this textThe use of biomaterials in medicine is another
Fix this textarea of activity. Ligaments from an ox, tanned in a
Fix this textspecial way, may be used to replace, for example,
Fix this textfaulty tissue in a child's heart. This natural material
Fix this textis closer to human tissue than artificial substances
Fix this textand there are fewer problems of rejection by the
Fix this textbody. At present in ligaments, human tissue replaces
Fix this textonly about 10 per cent of the implanted animal
Fix this texttissue a year, but if the right degree of tanning could
Fix this textbe arrived at, the human tissue might grow back
Fix this textcompletely and the animal tissue dissolve,
Fix this textBettina Cass (left) and Carol Keens outside UNSW's
Fix this textSocial Welfare Research Centre. Ms Cass gave a paper
Fix this texton related issues at the University Symposium on
Fix this textTaxation Reform on 4 November. (Full report on
Fix this textthe Symposium in the next UNIKEN)
Fix this textPictures this page: Public Affairs Unit
Fix this textWhen classes finished, Social Work students party-ed on. With staff members Brenda Smith (centre front)
Fix this textand Damian Grace (bearded) were (from left) Felicity Reynolds, Matt Davies, Malynda Flairey and Kaye
Fix this textDavidson.
Fix this textDr Bruce Milthorpe, Senior Research Officer, and Mrs Pam Hall, Technical Officer with a tensile testing
Fix this textmachine used to test the ability to withstand stress and strain of animal tissues for use in surgery.
Fix this textIt's easy and takes two shakes of a lamb's tail!
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http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-257308983
University of New South Wales. Public Affairs Unit & University of New South Wales, issuing body. (1975). Uniken Retrieved May 31, 2025, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-257308983
University of New South Wales. Public Affairs Unit and University of New South Wales, issuing body. Uniken Kensington, N.S.W: University of New South Wales, 1975. Web. 31 May 2025 <http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-257308983>
University of New South Wales. Public Affairs Unit & University of New South Wales, issuing body. 1975, Uniken University of New South Wales, Kensington, N.S.W viewed 31 May 2025 http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-257308983
{{Citation
| author1=University of New South Wales. Public Affairs Unit.
| author2=University of New South Wales, issuing body.
| title=Uniken.
| year=1975
| section=volumes : illustrations ; 30-43 cm.
| issn=0312-7877
| issue=1982, no. 18 (5 - 19 Nov., 1982)
| location=Kensington, N.S.W
| publisher=University of New South Wales
| url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-257308983
| id=nla.obj-257308983
| access-date=31 May 2025
| via=Trove
}}
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