Technical Report No.6 - Bimble Box - Pine Lands (October 1988)

Holding Library Call Number
ISBN: 1031-8321??
Holding Library
Soil Conservation Service of NSW
Notes
This document is provided for general information or historical interest and may contain some information that is no longer accurate or up to date or does not represent current best practice. Readers are warned not to rely on this information alone, and should obtain their own advice before making any decisions.

Contents

RANGELAND REVIEW BIMBLE BOX – PINE LANDS 1
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE OF N.S.W. TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES 2
A REVIEW OF INFORMATION RELEVANT TO THE BIMBLE BOX – PINE AND ASSOCIATED RANGELANDS OF WESTERN NEW SOUTH WALES 3
EDITOR'S PREFACE 5 , 6
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7
CONTENTS 9 , 10 , 11
1. INTRODUCTION 13 , 14 , 15
2. LOCATION AND LAND USE 2.1 LOCATION OF THE BIMBLE BOX – PINE AND ASSOCIATED RANGELANDS IN AUSTRALIA 16 , 17
2.2 LAND USE IN N.S.W. 18 , 19 , 20
3. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT (N.S.W.) 3.1 CLIMATE 21
3.1.1 Rainfall 21 , 22 , 23
3.1.2 Temperature 23 , 24 , 25
3.1.3 Frost Frequency 26
3.1.4 Evaporation 26
3.1.5 Winds 26 , 27 , 28
3.1.6 Climate and Plant Growth 28 , 29 , 30 , 31
3.1.7 Drought 31 , 32
3.2 LANDFORMS 32 , 33 , 34
3.3 SOILS 3.3.1 Main Soil Types 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38
3.3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties 38 , 39 , 40 , 41
3.3.3 Soil/Moisture Relationships 41 , 42
3.3.4 Soil Susceptibility to Erosion 42 , 43 , 44
3.3.5 Soil Profile Descriptions 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50
4. VEGETATION 4.1 VEGETATION MAPS AND CLASSIFICATIONS 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56
4.2 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE MAIN ALLIANCES 56 , 57
4.2.1 Eucalyptus populnea – Callitris glaucophylla Alliance 58 , 59 , 60
4.2.2 Eucalyptus dealbata – Eucalyptus sideroxylon Alliance 60 , 61
4.2.3 Eucalyptus populnea Alliance 61 , 62
4.2.4 Eucalyptus melanophloia Alliance 62 , 63
4.3 SPECIES PRESENT IN THE MAIN ALLIANCES 63
4-3.1 Eucalyptus populnea – Callitris glaucophylla Alliance: 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67
4.3.2 Eucalyptus dealbata – Eucalyptus sideroxylon Alliance: 67 , 68 , 69 , 70
4.3.3 Eucalyptus populnea Alliance 70 , 71 , 72
4.3.4 Eucalyptus melanophloia Alliance: 72 , 73
5. TYPES OF BIMBLE BOX – PINE COUNTRY 5.1 INTRODUCTION 74 , 75
5.2 LAND SYSTEMS 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82
5.3 LANDSCAPE REGIONS 82 , 83 , 84 , 85
6. THE EFFECTS OF GRAZING, FIRE AND CLEARING ON THE RANGELAND 6.1. INTRODUCTION 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90
6.2 EFFECTS OF GRAZING 6.2.1 Effects of Grazing on the Soil 91
6.2.2 Effects of Grazing on the Pasture 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96
6.3 EFFECTS OF FIRE 96 , 97
6.3.1 Response of Individual Species to Fire 97 , 98 , 99
6.4 EFFECTS OF CLEARING 6.4.1 Effects of Clearing on the Soil 99 , 100 , 101
6.4.2 Effects of Clearing on Herbage Production 101 , 102 , 103 , 104
7. RANGELAND MANAGEMENT IN THE BIMBLE BOX – PINE COUNTRY 7.1 INTRODUCTION 105 , 106 , 107 , 108
7.2 CONSTRAINTS OF THE RANGELAND 7.2.1 Climate 108
7.2.2 Shrub Increase 109 , 110 , 111
7.2.3 Soil Erosion 111
7.2.4 Grazing by Native and Feral Animals 112
7.2.5 The "Grass Seed" Problem 113
7.2.6 Low Productivity of Pastures 113 , 114
7.2.7 Lack of Suitable Species for Introduction/ Re-introduction to Pastures 114
7.3 EXISTING MANAGEMENT OF THE RANGELAND 7.3.1 Introduction 115
7.3.2 Increasing Pasture Productivity By Selective Land Development 115 , 116 , 117 , 118
7.3.3. Stocking Rate/Carrying Capacity 118 , 119 , 120
7.3.4 Stock Water 121
7.4 ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 121 , 122
7.4.1 Conservative Stocking Rates 122 , 123 , 124
7.4.2 Manipulating Pasture Composition by Strategic Grazing and/or Spelling 124 , 125 , 126
7.4.3 Waterspreading 126 , 127
7.4.4 Living With the "Grass Seed" Problem 127
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 7 Examples of Clearing and Cultivation Conditions Imposed on Western Division Leases in the Bimble box – Pine Country 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135
8. LAND DEGRADATION AND REHABILITATION 8.1 LAND DEGRADATION 8.1.1 Introduction 136
8.1.2 Degradation of Vegetation 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141
8.1.4 Structural Breakdown of Soils 141
8.2. REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED LAND 8.2.1 Aims, Costs and the 'Land Care Ethic' 141 , 142 , 143 , 144
8.2.2 Prevention of Degradation 144 , 145
8.2.3 Rehabilitation over Time 145 , 146
8.3 REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED PASTURES 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151
8.4 SHRUB MANAGEMENT 151
8.4.1 Herbicides 151 , 152
8.4.2 Prescribed Burning 152 , 153
8.4.3 Goat Grazing 153 , 154
8.4.4 Mechanical Treatments 154 , 155
8.4.5 Constraints to the Adoption of Shrub Management Strategies 155 , 156
8.5 REHABILITATION OF ERODED SOILS 156 , 157
8.5.1 Contour Furrowing 157 , 158
8.5.2 Pitting 158 , 159
8.5.3 Waterponding 159 , 160
9. SPECIES OF THE BIMBLE BOX – PINE AND ASSOCIATED RANGELANDS: 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 189 , 190 , 191 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 , 199 , 200 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 , 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 228 , 229 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 , 240 , 241 , 242 , 243 , 244 , 245 , 246 , 247 , 248 , 249 , 250 , 251 , 252 , 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 258 , 259 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 263 , 264 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 270 , 271 , 272 , 273 , 274 , 275 , 276 , 277 , 278 , 279 , 280 , 281 , 282 , 283 , 284 , 285 , 286 , 287 , 288 , 289 , 290 , 291 , 292 , 293 , 294 , 295
10. REFERENCES 296 , 297 , 298 , 299 , 300 , 301 , 302 , 303 , 304 , 305 , 306 , 307 , 308 , 309 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 , 314 , 315 , 316 , 317 , 318 , 319 , 320
ERRATA 323 , 324

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