Technical Report No.11 - Downs Country of the Far West (December 1988)

Holding Library Call Number
ISBN: 1031-8321??
Holding Library
Soil Conservation Service of NSW
Notes
This document is provided for general information or historical interest and may contain some information that is no longer accurate or up to date or does not represent current best practice. Readers are warned not to rely on this information alone, and should obtain their own advice before making any decisions.

Contents

RANGELAND REVIEW DOWNS COUNTRY OF THE FAR WEST 1
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE OF N.S.W. TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES 2
A REVIEW OF INFORMATION RELEVANT TO THE DOWNS COUNTRY OF FAR WESTERN NEW SOUTH WALES 3
EDITOR'S PREFACE 4 , 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5
CONTENTS 6 , 7 , 8
1. INTRODUCTION 9 , 10 , 11
2. LOCATION AND LAND USE 2.1 LOCATION 12
2.2 LAND USE IN NEW SOUTH WALES 2.2.1 Grazing 12 , 13 , 14
2.2.2 Mining 15
2.2.3. Nature Conservation 15
2.2.4 Other Land Uses 15
3. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.1 CLIMATE 16
3.1.1 Rainfall 16 , 17 , 18 , 19
3.1.2 Temperature 19
3.1.3 Evaporation 19
3.1.4 Wind 19 , 20 , 21
3.1.5 Dry Periods and Droughts 22
3.1.6 Floods 22 , 23
3.1.7 Climate and Plant Growth 24 , 25
3.2 LANDFORMS 25 , 26 , 27 , 28
3.3 SOILS 3.3.1 Soil Types 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34
3.3.2 Soil Fertility 35
3.3.3 Profile Descriptions 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43
4. VEGETATION 4.1 INTRODUCTION 44 , 45
4.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE VEGETATION 4.2.1 Beadle (1948a) 45 , 46 , 47
4.2.2 Specht et al. (1974) 47 , 48
4.2.3 Beadle (1981a) 49 , 50
4.2.4 Carnahan (1976) 50
4.2.5 Pickard (1981) 51
4.3 VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE DOWNS COUNTRY 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60
5. TYPES OF DOWNS COUNTRY 5.1 INTRODUCTION 61
5.2 CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATIONS 61 , 62
5.3 LANDSCAPE AND BIOPHYSICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88
6. RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT 6.1 INTRODUCTION 89
6.2 GENERAL INTERACTIONS 6.2.1 Growth and Productivity 89 , 90
6.2.2 Soil – Water Factors 91 , 92 , 93 , 94
6.2.3. Nutrient Cycling 94 , 95 , 96 , 97
6.2.4 Vegetation Patterning 97 , 98
6.3 RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT 6.3.1 Rainfall 98 , 99
6.3.2 Grazing 100 , 101 , 102 , 103
6.3.3 Fire 104 , 105
6.3.4 Flooding 105 , 106
6.3.5 Clearing and Cultivation 106
7. MANAGEMENT OF THE DOWNS COUNTRY 7.1 CONSTRAINTS OF THE RANGELAND 7.1.1 Climatic Constraints 107
7.1.2 High Salt Content of the Diet 107 , 108
7.1.3 Lack of Shade and Shelter 108 , 109
7.1.4 Grass Seed 109 , 110
7.1.5 Grazing by Native and Feral Animals 110 , 111 , 112 , 113
7.1.6 Erosion 113
7.1.7 Lack of Suitable Reseeding Technology 113 , 114
7.2 EXISTING MANAGEMENT 7.2.1 Stock Type 114
7.2.2 Stocking Rates and Carrying Capacities 114 , 115
7.2.3. Timing of Operations 115
7.2.4 Grazing Systems 116
7.2.5 Alternative Management Practices 116 , 117
7.2.5.1 Continuous grazing: setting a stocking rate 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121
7.2.5.2 Altering grazing rates to suit the season 121 , 122
7.2.5.3 Watering points 122 , 123 , 124
7.2.5.4 Fencing 124
7.2.5.5 Station tracks 124 , 125 , 126
7.2.5.6 Cattle and goats 126
7.2.5.7 Management of regenerating pastures 126 , 127
7.2.6 Case Study: Management of "Roopena"-"Middleback" Stations 127 , 128
8. DEGRADATION AND REHABILITATION 8.1 LAND DEGRADATION 129
8.2 SOIL EROSION 129 , 130 , 131 , 132
8.2.1 Factors Affecting Erosion 132 , 133 , 134 , 135
8.2.2 Types of Erosion 8.2.2.1 Windsheeting 135
8.2.2.2 Drift 135 , 136
8.2.2.3 Scalding 136 , 137 , 138
8.2.2.4 Watersheeting 138 , 139
8.2.2.5 Rilling and gullying 139
8.2.3 Prevention of Erosion 139 , 140
8.3 PASTURE DETERIORATION 140 , 141 , 142 , 143
8.4 REHABILITATION OF ERODED SOILS 143 , 144
8.4.1 Tyne Pitting 144 , 145
8.4.2 Contour Furrowing 145 , 146
8.4.3 Waterponding 146 , 147
8.4.4 Other Soil Reclamation Techniques 147
8.5 REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED PASTURES 147 , 148 , 149 , 150
9. REFERENCES 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 189 , 190 , 191 , 192
10. APPENDIX SPECIES OF THE DOWNS COUNTRY OF THE FAR WEST 193 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 , 199 , 200 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 , 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 228 , 229 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 , 240 , 241 , 242 , 243 , 244 , 245 , 246 , 247 , 248 , 249 , 250 , 251 , 252 , 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 258 , 259 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 263 , 264 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 270 , 271 , 272 , 273 , 274 , 275 , 276 , 277 , 278 , 279 , 280 , 281 , 282 , 283 , 284 , 285 , 286 , 287 , 288 , 289 , 290 , 291 , 292 , 293 , 294 , 295 , 296 , 297 , 298 , 299 , 300 , 301 , 302 , 303 , 304 , 305 , 306 , 307 , 308 , 309 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 , 314 , 315 , 316 , 317 , 318 , 319 , 320 , 321 , 322 , 323 , 324 , 325 , 326 , 327 , 328 , 329 , 330 , 331 , 332 , 333 , 334 , 335 , 336 , 337 , 338 , 339 , 340 , 341 , 342 , 343 , 344 , 345 , 346 , 347 , 348 , 349 , 350 , 351 , 352 , 353 , 354 , 355

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