Technical Report No.15 - Southern Riverine Woodlands (March 1989)

Holding Library Call Number
1031-8321??
Holding Library
Soil Conservation Service of NSW
Notes
This document is provided for general information or historical interest and may contain some information that is no longer accurate or up to date or does not represent current best practice. Readers are warned not to rely on this information alone, and should obtain their own advice before making any decisions.

Contents

RANGELAND REVIEW SOUTHERN RIVERINE WOODLANDS 1
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE OF N.S.W. TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES 2
A REVIEW OF INFORMATION RELEVANT TO THE RIVERINE WOODLAND AND FOREST RANGELANDS OF SOUTH-WESTERN NEW SOUTH WALES 3
EDITOR'S PREFACE 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7
CONTENTS 8 , 9 , 10
1. INTRODUCTION 11 , 12 , 13
2. LOCATION AND LAND USE 2.1 LOCATION 14
2.2 LAND USE IN NEW SOUTH WALES 2.2.1 Regional History 14 , 15 , 16 , 17
2.2.2 Grazing 18
2.2.3 Forestry 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23
2.2.4 Irrigation 23 , 24
2.2.5 Dryland Cropping 24
2.2.6 Apiculture 24
2.2.7 Recreation 24
2.2.8 Nature Conservation 25
2.2.9 Aesthetic and Cultural Conservation 25 , 26
3. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.1 CLIMATE 27
3.1.1 Rainfall 27
3.1.2 Evaporation 27 , 28
3.1.3 Temperature and Humidity 29
3.1.4 Wind 29
3.1.5 Droughts and Dry Periods 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33
3.1.6 River Flow 33 , 34
3.1.7 Climate and Plant Growth 34 , 35
3.2 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND LANDFORMS 36 , 37 , 38 , 39
3.3 SOILS 3.3.1 Soil Types 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46
3.3.2 Soil Fertility 46 , 47
4. VEGETATION 4.1 INTRODUCTION 48
4.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VEGETATION 48 , 49
4.3 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55
4.4 PLANT SPECIES PRESENT IN THE RIVERINE FORESTS AND WOODLANDS OF SOUTH-WESTERN NEW SOUTH WALES 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71
5. LAND SYSTEMS OF THE RIVERINE WOODLAND AND FOREST RANGELANDS 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79
6. RANGELAND PROCESSES 6.1 INTRODUCTION 80
6.2 GENERAL INTERACTIONS 6.2.1 Growth and Productivity 80 , 81 , 82
6.2.2 Soil and Water Factors 6.2.2.1 Source of Water 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86
6.2.2.2 Water quality. 86 , 87
6.2.2.3 Topography 87 , 88 , 89
6.2.3 Nutrient Cycling 90 , 91
6.2.4 Vertebrate Fauna 91 , 92
6.3 RESPONSE OF VEGETATION TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT 6.3.1 Rainfall 92 , 93
6.3.2 River Regulation 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97
6.3.3 Grazing 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101
6.3.4 Fire 101 , 102
6.3.5 Insects 102 , 103
6.3.6 Logging 103 , 104 , 105
6.3.7 Salinity 105 , 106
7. MANAGEMENT OF THE RIVERINE WOODLAND AND FOREST RANGELANDS 7.1 INTRODUCTION 107 , 108
7.2 CONSTRAINTS OF THE RANGELANDS 7.2.1 Climatic Constraints 108
7.2.2 Flooding 108
7.2.3 Grazing and Predation by Native and Feral Animals 109 , 110 , 111
7.2.4 Dense Stands of Shrubs and Tree Regeneration 111
7.2.5 Erosion 111
7.2.6 Competition from the Overstorey 111 , 112
7.2.7 Grass Seed 112
7.2.8 Lack of Suitable Introduced Pasture Species 112 , 113
7.3 EXISTING MANAGEMENT 113 , 114 , 115 , 116
7.4 ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 7.4.1 Grazing Options 116 , 117 , 118
7.4.1.1 Conservative Stocking Rates 118 , 119 , 120 , 121
7.4.1.2 Manipulating Pasture Composition by Strategic Grazing and/or Spelling 121 , 122 , 123
7.4.2 Forestry Options 123 , 124 , 125 , 126
7.4.3 Special Management Considerations 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130
8. DEGRADATION AND REHABILITATION 8.1 LAND DEGRADATION 8.1.1 Introduction 131
8.1.2 Vegetation Degradation 131 , 132 , 133 , 134
8.1.3 Soil Degradation 134
8.1.3.1 Salinisation 134 , 135
8.1.3.2 Soil Erosion 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143
8.2 REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED LAND 8.2.1 Aims, Costs and the 'Land Care Ethic'* 143 , 144 , 145
8.2.2 Natural Rehabilitation over Time 145 , 146
8.2.3 Rehabilitation of Degraded Pasture 146 , 147 , 148 , 149
8.2.4 Rehabilitation of Land Affected by Salinity 149 , 150 , 151 , 152
8.2.5 Rehabilitation of Eroded Soils 8.2.5.1 Scald Reclamation 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157
8.2.5.2 Reclamation of Eroded Sandy Rises 157 , 158
8.2.5.3 Reclamation of Eroded River Banks 158 , 159
9. PLANT SPECIES OF THE RIVERINE WOODLAND AND FOREST RANGELANDS OF SOUTH-WESTERN NEW SOUTH WALES 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 189 , 190 , 191 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 , 199 , 200 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 , 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 228 , 229 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 , 240 , 241 , 242 , 243 , 244 , 245 , 246 , 247 , 248 , 249 , 250 , 251 , 252 , 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 258 , 259 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 263 , 264 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 270 , 271 , 272 , 273 , 274 , 275 , 276 , 277 , 278 , 279 , 280 , 281 , 282 , 283 , 284 , 285 , 286 , 287 , 288 , 289 , 290 , 291 , 292
10. REFERENCES 293 , 294 , 295 , 296 , 297 , 298 , 299 , 300 , 301 , 302 , 303 , 304 , 305 , 306 , 307 , 308 , 309 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 , 314 , 315 , 317 , 318 , 319 , 320 , 321 , 322 , 323 , 324

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