Hay (1990)

Holding Library Call Number
NSW Soil Knowledge Network
Holding Library
Soil Conservation Service of NSW
Notes
This document is provided for general information or historical interest and may contain some information that is no longer accurate or up to date or does not represent current best practice. Readers are warned not to rely on this information alone, and should obtain their own advice before making any decisions.

Contents

SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE OF NSW 1
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE OF NSW 2
CONTENTS 3 , 4 , 5 , 6
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 8 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 14
CHAPTER 2 GEOLOGY 2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Pre-Tertiary 15
2.3 Tertiary 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20
2.4 Quaternary 20
2.4.1 The Riverine Plain 20 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27
2.4.2 The Mallee Region 27 , 28
2.4.3 The Willandra Lakes 28 , 29 , 30 , 31
CHAPTER 3 LANDFORMS 3.1 Introduction 32
3.2 Regional Setting 3.2.1 Highlands 32 , 33
3.2.2 Sandplains 35
3.2.3 Dunefields 35
3.2.4 The Riverine Plain 35 , 36
3.3 Drainage—Past and Present 38 , 39 , 40 , 41
3.4 The Landform Units 3.4.1 Devonian ranges, hills and associated alluvial-colluvial slopes 42
3.4.2 Plains with a surficial cover of sand and clays, dominantly aeolian 42
3.4.3 Dunefields with linear dunes 42 , 43
3.4.4 Dunefields with irregular or sub-parabolic dunes 43
3.4.5 'North-South ridges' (possible Tertiary strandlines) 43
3.4.6 Lunettes 44 , 45
3.4.7 Source-bordering dunes 45
3.4.8 Alluvial Plains 45
3.4.9 Scalds 45
3.4.10 Depressions and lake beds 46 , 47
CHAPTER 4 CLIMATE 4.1 Introduction 48
4.2 Rainfall 48
4.2.1 Analysis of Data 48
4.2.2 Annual Rainfall 48 , 49
4.2.3 Monthly Rainfall 51
4.3 Evaporation 51
4.4 Temperature and Relative Humidity 51
4.5 Climate and Plant Growth 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59
CHAPTER 5 SOILS 5.1 Introduction 60
5.2 Grey, Brown and Red Clays (Ug5.24, Ug5.25, Ug5.28, Ug5.3). 60 , 61 , 62 , 64
5.2.1 Profile Description (Ug5.24, Ug5.25, Ug5.28) 64 , 65
5.2.2 Soil Complex associated with ancestral streams. 65
5.2.3 General soil properties 65 , 66
5.3 Solonized Brown Soils (Gc1.12 Gc1.22, Gc1.11, Gc1.12) 66
5.3.1 Profile Description 66
5.3.2 Identification 66 , 67
5.3.3 General Soil Properties 67
5.4 Red-Brown Earths (Dr2.12, Dr2.22, Dr2.23, Dr2.33, Dr2.43, Dr3.23, Dr3.43, Dr5.33, Dr5.62). 67 , 68
5.4.1 Identification 68
5.4.2 Profile Description 68 , 69 , 70
5.4.3 General Soil Properties 70 , 71
5.5 Desert loams (Dr1.13, Dr1.43, Dr1.33) 71
5.5.1 Identification 71
5.5.2 General soil properties 71 , 72
5.6 Earthy Sands and Siliceous Sands. (Uc5.11, Gn1.13, Uc1.23) 72
5.6.1 Identification 72
5.6.2 General soil properties 72
5.7 Red Earths (Gn2.12, Gn2.13) 72
5.7.1 Identification 73
5.7.2 Profile description (Gn2.12) 73
5.7.3 General soil properties 73 , 74
5.8 Lithosols (Uc1, Gc2.12, Um5.41) 74
5.8.1 Identification 74
5.8.2 General soil properties 74
CHAPTER 6 VEGETATION 6.1 Introduction 75
6.2 Classification of Vegetation 75 , 76
6.3 The Vegetation Alliances 6.3.1 River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) alliance 77 , 78 , 80 , 81
6.3.2 Gum and currawong (Eucalyptus dwyeri-Acacia doratoxylon) alliance 81 , 82
6.3.3 Grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) alliance 82
6.3.4 Black (swamp) box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) alliance 83
6.3.5 Lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii), canegrass (Eragrostis australasica) and Azolla sp. alliances 84
6.3.6 Bimble box and white cypress pine (Eucalyptus populnea-Callitris columellaris) alliance 85
6.3.7 Bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) alliance 85
6.3.8 Eucalyptus populnea-Acacia spp. alliance 86
6.3.9 Boree (Acacia pendula-Atriplex nummularis) alliance 86 , 87
6.3.10 Mallee (Eucalyptus socialis-Eucalyptus dumosa) alliance 87 , 88
6.3.11 Belah-rosewood (Casuarina cristata-Heterodendrum oleifolium) alliance 88 , 89
6.3.12 Saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria) alliance 89 , 90 , 91
6.3.13 Bluebush (Maireana pyramidata-Maireana sedifolia) alliance 91
CHAPTER 7 LAND USE 7.1 Introduction 92 , 93 , 95
7.2 Dryland Farming 95 , 96
7.3 Grazing 96 , 97 , 99
7.3.1 Limitations to grazing in the district 99 , 100 , 101 , 102
7.3.2 Management of native pastures 102 , 103
7.4 Irrigation 7.4.1 Types of Irrigation Scheme 103 , 104 , 105
7.4.2 Irrigation Methods for Broadacre Farming 105 , 106
7.4.3 Irrigation and Soils 106 , 107
7.4.4 Production from Irrigation 107 , 108
7.4.5 Removal of saline effluent 108
7.5 National Parks, Other Conservation Reserves and Unused Country 108 , 109 , 110
7.6 State Forests and Forestry 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114
CHAPTER 8 EROSION 8.1 Introduction 115 , 116 , 117
8.2 Wind Erosion 8.2.1 Scalds 119
8.2.2 Windsheeting 120
8.2.3 Drift 120
8.3 Water Erosion 120 , 121
8.4 Waterlogging and Salinisation of Irrigated Land 121 , 122
CHAPTER 9 GENERAL SOIL CONSERVATION PRACTICES 9.1 Dryland cropping on sandy soils 123 , 124
9.2 Gullying of slopes above floodplains 124
9.3 Water erosion of cropping and grazing country in the highlands of the north-east 125
9.4 The pastoral country 125 , 126 , 127
9.5 Sand drift on horticultural farms in the Wentworth area 127
9.6 Sand and borrow pits 127
9. Saline areas 128
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 9 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134
CHAPTER 10 LAND CLASSIFICATION AND FARM PLANNING 10.1 Introduction 135
10.2 Land Classification (Western Division and grazing lands of Central Division) 135
10.3 Land Classification (Central Division) 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141
10.4 Land Capability Classes and their Identification 141 , 142
10.5 Additional Aspects of the Farm Plan 142 , 143
CHAPTER 11 PROPERTY RESOURCE PLANS 11.1 Development of Property Resource Plans (formerly known as Western Lands Lease Management Plans) 144 , 145 , 146
11.2 Procedures 11.2.1 Initial Mapping 147
11.2.2 Field Work 147
11.2.3 Application of Special Management Techniques 147
11.2.4 Mapping and Determination of Carrying Capacity of Land Classes 147 , 148 , 149
11.2.5 Final Map and Carrying Capacity of Holding 150
11.2.6 Property Resource Plan Report 150 , 151
11.2.7 Applicability and Further Information 151
CHAPTER 12 DESIGN OF SOIL CONSERVATION EARTHWORKS 12.1 Rainfall Intensity 152
12.2 Estimation of Discharge 152 , 153 , 154 , 155
12.3 Tank Drains 155 , 156 , 158
12.4 Water Disposal Areas 158 , 159
12.5 Waterways 160
12.6 Waterponding on Scalds 160
12.6.1 Commencement of Waterponding on Scalds 160
12.6.2 Ponding Bank Survey 161
12.6.3 Access 161 , 162
12.6.4 Ponding Depth/Land Slope 162
12.6.5 Treatment Near Tank Catchment Areas 162
12.6.6 Avoiding Sharp Curves in Ponding Banks 162 , 163
12.6.7 Ponding Bank Construction 163
12.6.8 Ponding Bank Dimensions 164
12.6.9 Ponding Bank Maintenance 164
12.6.10 Treatment Behind Ponding Banks 164 , 165
12.6.11 Effect of Ponding on the Scald Surface 165
12.6.12 Vegetation on Ponded Areas 165 , 166
12.6.13 Effect of Ponding Scalded Land on Pasture Growth on Nearby Heavy-Textured Soils 166 , 167
12.6.14 Waterponding and Management in Conjunction with Farm Planning 167
12.6.15 Catchment-ponded Area Ratio 167
12.6.16 Costing of Treatment of Scalds with Ponding Banks 168
CHAPTER 13 AGRONOMIC RECOMMENDATIONS 13.1 Introduction 169
13.2 Dryland Cropping 169 , 170
13.3 Management of Salt Affected Areas 171
13.4 Species for Sandhill Reclamation 171 , 172
13.5 Revegetation of Earthworks 172
13.6 Trees for Soil Conservation Purposes 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176
CHAPTER 14 REFERENCES 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 186

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