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Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 DATA 1
3.0 FISHING AREAS BY CURRENTS 1
SPC/Fisheries 12/WP. 16 23 October, 1980 1
4.0 SIZE COMPOSITION OF CATCHES 2
5.0 YEARLY CHANGE OF CATCH 4
6.0 REFERENCES 5
TARO CULTIVATION IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC 10
TARO CULTIVATION IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC 11
Contents 13
Introduction 14
1. Principal taros grown in the Pacific 17
2. The cultivation of taro Colocasia sp. 26
3. Weed control in taro Colocasia sp. 48
4. Pests of taro Colocasiasp. 60
5. Taro diseases and their control 68
6. Studies on mechanization of taro Colocasia esculenta in Hawaii 83
7. The cultivation of taro Xanthosoma sp. 90
8. The cultivation of taro Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott 100
2. THE CULTIVATION OF “KAPE” IN WALLIS 103
1. THE AGRONOMY OF CYRTOSPERMA CHAMISSONIS (SCHOTT) MERR. IN KIRIBATI 106
9. The cultivation of taro Cyrtosperma chamissonis Schott 106
2. THE CULTIVATION OF GIANT SWAMP TARO CYRTOSPERMA CHAMISSONIS (SCHOTT) MERR. IN YAP, TRUST TERRITORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS 113
10. The cultivation of taro Amorphophallus campanulatus Blume 117
11. Urban taro production in the South Pacific 119
12. Nutritional value of edible aroids Araceae grown in the South Pacific 139
13. Some taro recipes from the South Pacific 148
14. Export of taro from the Pacific Islands 154
APPENDIX 156
Bibliography 158
REPORT ON THE DEEP SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, IN FUNAFUTI, TUVALU 163
REPORT ON THE DEEP SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT IN FUNAFUTI, TUVALU 165
CONTENTS 166
1. INTRODUCTION 167
2. BACKGROUND 167
3. PROJECT OPERATIONS 169
4. RESULTS 176
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 178
6. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 184
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 185
REFERENCES 186
APPENDIX 1: TOPICS COVERED IN THE TRAINING PROGRAMME 187
DSFDP TUVALU INDIVIDUAL TRIP RECORDS 188
APPENDIX 3 190
APPENDIX 4 192
APPENDIX 5: BASIC EQUIPMENT LIST FOR DEEP BOTTOM HANDREEL FISHING 193
REPORTS ON SPC BOTTOM FISHING PROJECTS 194
DEEP SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 195
REPORT ON THE DEEP SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT’S VISIT TO THE REPUBLIC OF KIRIBATI 197
CONTENTS 198
1. INTRODUCTION 199
2. BACKGROUND 200
3. PROJECT OPERATIONS 202
4. RESULTS 206
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 209
6. RECOMMENDATIONS 212
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 213
REFERENCES 213
APPENDIX 1: TOPICS COVERED IN THE PROJECT’S TRAINING PROGRAMME 214
APPENDIX 2: BASIC EQUIPMENT FOR DEEP BOTTOM FISHING 215
APPENDIX 3: SUMMARY OF INDIVIDUAL TRIP RECORDS 216
APPENDIX 4: SPECIES COMPOSITION OF THE CATCH 217
REPORT ON THE SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION DEEP SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT IN KOROR, PALAU, TRUST TERRITORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS 222
REPORT ON THE SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION DEEP SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT IN KOROR, PALAU, TRUST TERRITORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS 223
CONTENTS 224
BACKGROUND 226
BOAT AND EQUIPMENT 226
INTRODUCTION 226
FISHING OPERATIONS 227
DISCUSSION 231
MARKETING 231
RESULTS 231
TRAINING PROGRAMME 231
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 232
ECONOMICS 232
Appendix 1 : Basic equipment for deep bottom fishing 239
Appendix 2 : Topics covered in the training programme 240
REPORTS ON SPC BOTTOM FISHING PROJECTS 242
SPC/Statisticians 5/WP.38 6 April 1981 243
HETORT ON A VISIT TO FIJI 246
REPORT ON A VISIT TO PORT MORESBY 248
SUBJECT: Report on a Visit to Tonya – 16 November to 1 December. 1970 251
Report on Attandance At the Fifth Counonwanlth Educetion Confarence 254
PROSPECT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROGRAMMES FOR NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE IN PACIFIC ISLAND COUNTRIES 257
1. INTRODUCTION 258
2. BACKGROUND 259
3. VISIT TO RAROTONGA (COOK ISLANDS) 260
4. VISIT TO FIJI 267
AN ANALYSIS OF PATHOLOGY REPORTS OF CANCER AT THE HONIARA CENTRAL HOSPITAL SOLOMON ISLANDS, 1970-1982 286
AN ANALYSIS OF PATHOLOGY REPORTS OF CANCER AT THE HONIARA CENTRAL HOSPITAL, SOLOMON ISLANDS, 1970-1982 287
TABLE OF CONTENTS 288
I. INTRODUCTION 289
II. METHODS 289
III. FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA 290
IV. RESULTS 291
V. COMPARISON WITH OTHER PREVIOUS STUDIES AND CANCER DATA FROM PAPUA NEW GUINEA AND AUSTRALIA 293
VI. DISCUSSION 293
VII. PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES 294
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN WALLIS POLYNESIANS 306
SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION 307
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN WALLIS POLYNESIANS 308
CONTENTS 309
1. INTRODUCTION 312
2. POPULATIONS AND METHODS 314
3. RESULTS 319
4. DISCUSSION 323
5. IMPLICATIONS FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROGRAMMES 326
BIBLIOGRAPHY 328
Appendix 331
SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION TECHNICAL PAPERS 366
SPC/Atolls/WP.3 8 March 1982 367
INCREASED SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN HEALTH IN THE ATOLL ENVIRONMENT 368
REFERENCES 377
"THE INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC IN THE POPULATION OF NIUE, MAY-JUNE 1983 383
INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC IN THE POPULATION OF NIUE, MAY-JUNE 1983 384
CONTENTS 385
SUMMARY 386
1. Introduction 387
2. General description of the epidemic 387
3. Hospital admissions and deaths 387
4. Cases presenting for medical care 388
5. Population survey 388
6. Virology results 389
7. Prevention and control measures 389
8. Discussion 390
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF THE CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN THE COOK ISLANDS 407
BACKGROUND 408
PURPOSE OF THE VISIT 408
ACTIVITIES, DISCUSSIONS AND FINDINGS 409
RECOMMENDATIONS 410
REFERENCES 413
APPENDIX 1 414
APPENDIX 2 416
APPENDIX 3 417
APPENDIX 4 418
APPENDIX 5 419
APPENDIX 6 420
SPC-ILO/Migration/WP.8 12th February, 1982. 421
SPC-ILO/Migration/WP.8 12th February, 1982. 422
2. CHANGES IN NUTRITION: 423
3. CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: 425
4. INFANT MALNUTRITION AND GASTROENTERITIS: 426
5. DENTAL HEALTH: 427
6. ALCOHOLISM: 427
7. MENTAL HEALTH: 428
8. ACCIDENTS: 428
9. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: 428
APPENDIX 1 436
APPENDIX 2 436
APPENDIX 3 437
MORTALITY IN NIUE 442
1. INTRODUCTION 443
2. BACKGROUND(1,2) 443
3. POPULATION 444
4. METHODS 445
5. RESULTS 445
6. CONCLUSIONS 446
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE IN PACIFIC ISLAND NATIONS: PROSPECTS AND CONSTRAINTS 459
CONTENTS 460
ABSTRACT 461
Introduction 462
PROSPECTS 464
CONSTRAINTS 472
CONCLUSION 473
Acknowledgements 477
SPC/Dental Health 2/WP.1 12 March 1982 478
PREVENTION OF DENTAL CARIES THROUGH IMPROVED NUTRITION 479
APPENDIX I 489
SPC/10CDH/WP.2 04 November 1983 495
COMMENT PARLER EN PUBLIC 505
I. INTRODUCTION 506
II. REUSSIR SA CAUSERIE 506
III. DEFINIR LE LUT DE SA CAUSERIE 507
IV. PREPARER LE SUJET DE LA CAUSERIE 507
CONSTRUIRE SA CAUSERIE 508
VI . PAIRE DES EXERCICES PRATIQUAS 510
VII. PRESENTER SA CAUSERIE 510
VIII. COMMENT REPONDRE AUX QUESTIONS 512
IX. QUALITES A CULTIVER POUR ETRE UN BON ORATEUR 513
X. BONNE UTILISATION DE SES NOTED 514
COMMON DISEASES 516
II. DIFFERENT KINDS OF SICKNESSES AND THEIR CAUSES 516
III. HOW TO EXAMINE A SICK PERSON 518
IV. HOW TO TAKE CARE OF A SICK PERSON 520
V. HEALING WITHOUT MEDICINES 521
VI. DIARRHOEA AND DYSENTERY 522
REGIONAL CO-OPERATION IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC THE SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION 526
COPING WITH COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS 531
I. COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS WITH PERSONS OF LOW LEVEL OF LITERACY 532
II. RESISTANCE TO CHANGE 534
III. HOW TO MINIMIZE CONFLICT IN GROUPS 536
ENVIRONMENTAM AND FAMILY HEAITH 537
II. WATER SUPPLIES 539
III. WASTE AND REFUSE DISPOSAL 541
IV. REFUSE DISPOSAL 541
V. PEST CONTROL 542
II. THE LIFE OF A FLY 543
EVALUATION IN HEALTH EDUCATION BY M. C. TEISSIER 545
II TYPES OF EVALUATION. 545
GUIDE TO BETTER DENTAL HEALTH 547
GUIDE TO BETTER DENTAL HEALTH 548
CONTENTS 549
FIRST STAGE 550
SECOND STAGE 552
THIRD STAGE 560
A. THE PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS 564
SPC/Health Education 3/WP.2 30 June 1982 564
B. HOW TO TEACH HEALTH 565
C. SUGGESTED MODEL FOR A WORK CARD ON FOOD AND GROWTH 568
HEALTH EDUCATION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES 570
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR FACTORS IN THE EDUCATIONAL APPROACH TO HEALTH WORK 575
II. THE EDUCATIONAL APPROACH (HOW TO CHANGE BEHAVIOUR?) 577
II. INTRODUCING A SPEAKER 582
INVITING AND INTRODUCING A SPEAKER 582
II. Utilisation des besoins fondamentaux de l'être humain 583
L’AFFICHE EN EDUCATION POUR LA SANTE 583
III. Préparation du message de 1'affiche 584
IV. Composition de l’affiche 584
V. Utilisation des couleurs 584
VI. Utilisation des lettres 585
I . THE NEED FOR FOOD AMONG SPECIFIC GROUPS 588
PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES RELATED TO SPECIFIC GROUPS 588
II. CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE DIET (The popular point of view) 590
III. NUTRITION EDUCATION PRINCIPLES 592
IV. INVOLVEMENT OF GROUPS AND COMMUNITIES IN MEETING THEIR OWN NUTRITIONAL NEEDS. 594
OUTLINE OF FUNCTIONS OF HEALTH EDUCATORS 597
II FINDING THE FACTS TO PREVENT THIS HEALTH PROBLEM 604
III. THINK ABOUT EACH POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS 604
PLANNING ACTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF A HEALTH PROBLEM 604
IV. SELECT ONE SOLUTION FIRST 605
V. DOING THE JOB 605
VI. EVALUATION 606
PRIMARY CARE AND PREVENTION OF SOME COMMON DISEASES IN CHILDREN 607
PRIMARY CARE AND PREVENTION OF SOME COMMON DISEASES IN CHILDREN 608
Table of contents 609
Making the best use of this book 611
Practical information 612
Information on vital signs 613
I. How to examine a sick baby and a sick child 614
2. Signs of dangerous illness 619
3. Patient report to use when sending for medical help 620
4. What causes sickness? 621
5. Communicable diseases 622
6. Ways of avoiding communicable diseases 624
7. Some common communicable diseases 632
8. Some non-communicable diseases 666
9. Plant medicines 675
10. Books to read 676
II. OVERCOMING FEAR 679
III. BASIC ESSENTIAL SKILIS 679
IV. PREPARATION 679
PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 679
V. CONSTRICTION 680
VI. PRACTICE FOR TEE LESS EXPERIENCED SPEAKER 681
VII. DELIVERY 681
VIII. EXERCISES THAT MAY OFTEN HELP THE SPEAKER 681
GETTING RESULTS FROM TALK 683
SPC/9 CDH/WP.2 24 February 1981 684
I. New perspectives 685
II. The role of the health educator in public health programmes 686
III. SPC health education activities 689
A. General Comments 691
SPC/Health Education 3/WP.1 29 June 1982 691
B. Personal Hygiene 692
TEACHING PERSONAL HYGIENE IN GRADES 3 AND 4 695
TEACHING IN GRADES FIVE AND SIX 700
TEACHING METHODS 701
FIELD WORK REPORT CONDUCTED BY THE MOBILE TRAINING UNIT for YOUTH AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT WORKERS 703
CONTENTS 704
PART A INTRODUCTION 705
2. The Survey Definitions 707
3. General Objectives 716
4. Programs and Specific Objectives 717
5. The Participants 719
6. Time Table and Responsibility 721
7. Methodology and Implementation 722
8. Justification and Goals 725
9. Control and Permission 727
10. Limitations 728
PART B: THE FINAL INTERPRETATION 729
2. Youth Employment at Delap, Uliga and Darrit (D.U.D.) 744
PART C – 1. CONCLUSION 754
2. Selected References 757
SPC/Energy/WP.24 25 September 1982 760
INTRODUCTION 761
PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS OF NONCONVENTIONAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES 761
PROGRAM PROSPECTIVES 762
RESOURCE POTENTIALS 762
PROGRAM STRATEGIES 763
COMMERCIALIZATION 764
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION 764
PROBLEM AREAS 765
UNDP/SPC/NUTRITION/WP 7 December 1981 773
INTRODUCTION 774
NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 775
PAST 776
PRESENT 781
REASONS FOR DETERIORATION 790
CONCLUSION 801
BIBLIOGRAPHY 803
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN URBAN HYGIENE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC 811
PACIFIC 811
DEVELOPING TERRITORIES 812
URBAN COMMUNITIES 813
CLIMATE 815
PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF HOUSE DESIGN IN WARM, HUMID ENVIRONMENTS 818
CHECK LIST FOR DESIGN IN WARM HUMID CLIMATES 821
BIBLIOGRAPHY 822
APPENDIX I 823
APPENDIX II 826
REPORT ON VISIT TO THE COOK ISLANDS 828
SPC/Energy/WP.23 25 September 1982 838
II. DENDRO-THERMAL PROGRAM 839
PHILIPPINES DENDRO-THERMAL POWER PROGRAM: AN OVERVIEW 839
III. COMPONENTS/FEATURES OF A TIPICAL DENDRO THERMAL PROJECT 840
IV. GENERAL CONCEPTS 840
V. PROJECT BIOIEFITS 841
Exhibit II 842
SUGGESTED LOAN RELEASES TO FARMERS ASSOCIATION (OWE MODULE) 4-YEAR CYCLE DIRECT SEEDING 843
RELATION BETWEEN DIET AND SOME CHRONIC DEGERATIVE DISEASES – GENERAL OUTLINE 846
DENTAL CARIES 847
HYPERTENSION (HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE) 850
CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD) 852
HYPERURICAEMIA AND GOUT 854
SOME CANCER 854
DIETARY GOALS OR GUIDELINES 855
SPC/Statisticians 5/WP.4 25 February 1981 857
PROBLEMS WITH THE 1980 CENSUS IN A UNITED STATES TERRITORY : GUAM 858
REFERENCES 863
RAPPORT D’UNE VISITE EN POLYNESIE FRANCAISE 864
OBJECTIFS 865
PREMIERE PARTIE 865
DEUXIEME PARTIE 872
TROISIEME PARTIE 888
ANNEXE I 895
ANNEXE II 897
ANNEXE III 903
ANNEXE IV 905
ANNEXE V 911
ANNEXE V 913
REPORT ON A VISIT TO WESTERN SAMOA 914
II. HEALTH EDUCATION IN WESTERN SAMOA AS VIEWED BY THE HEALTH EDUCATION OFFICER 916
III. RECOMMENDATIONS 917
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 921
REPORT ON A VISIT TO THE COOK ISLANDS 922
II. HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE COOK ISLANDS AS VIEWED BY THE S.P.C. HEALTH EDUCATION OFFICER 924
III. RECOMMENDATIONS 925
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 928
ANNEX I 930
ANNEX II 934
II. ACTIVITIES 936
REPORT ON A VISIT TO THE TRUST TERRITORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS (SAIPAN) 936
HI. DEVELOPMENT OF THE TTPI’S HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAMS 937
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS 938
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 939
No 849 – Catch relationships in four different skipjack areas in the western equatorial Pacific. (1980) 940
No 850 – Taro cultivation in the South Pacific (1982). 941
No 855 – Report on the Deep Sea Fisheries Development Project in Funafuti, Tuvalu (18 Nov. 1980 -15 Feb. 1981) 943
No 856 – Report on the Deep Sea Fisheries Development Project's visit to the Republic of Kiribati (23 April – 18 November 1980) 944
No 857 – Report on the SPC Deep Sea Fisheries Development Project in Koro, Palau, TTPI (1 Nov. 1979 – 31 Janv. 1980) 945
No 858 – Recent, current and planned statistical developments in Solomon Islands (1981) 946
No 859 – Report on a visit to Fiji, 27th August 1970 – 5th Septembre 1970 947
No 860 – Report on a visit to Port Moresby, 9th-23rd August 1970 948
No 861 – Report on a visit to Tonga, 16 Nov. to 1 Dec. 1970 949
No 862 – Report on attendance at the fifth Commonwealth Education Conference, Canberra, 3rd-17th February 1971 950
No 863 – Prospects for the development of prevention and control programmes for non-communicable diseases in Pacific island countries (1983) 951
No 864 – Analysis of pathology reports of scancer at the Honiara Central Hospital, Solomon Islands, 1970-1982 952
No 865 – Epidemiological studies of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Wallis Polynesians (1984) 954
No 866 – Increased self-sufficiency in health in the atoll environment (1982) 956
No 867 – Influenza epidemic in the population of Niue, May-June 183 : Report 957
No 871 – Prevention and control of the chronic non-communicable diseases in the Cook Islands (1982) 958
No 868 – Migration and health in the South Pacific. (1982) 959
No 869 – Mortality in Nieu 1978 – 1980 960
No 870 – Prevention and control of non-communicable disease in Pacific island nations prospects and constraints (1983) 961
No 872 – Prevention of dental caries trhough improved nutrition (1982) 962
No 873 – Report on public health programmes (1983) 963
No 874 – Comment par ler en plublic (1981) 964
No 875 – Common diseases (1980) 965
No 876 – Regional cooperation in the South Pacific : the South Pacific Commission (1982) 966
No 877 – Coping with communication problems (1980) 967
No 879 – Environmental and family health (1981) 968
No 880 – Evaluation in health education 969
No 881 – Guide to better dental health : for teachers (1982) 970
No 882 – Health education in schools : its principles and how to teach health (1982) 971
No 883 – Health education methods and techniques (1980) 972
No 884 – Human behaviour factors in the educational approach to health work (1980) 973
No 885 – Inviting and introducing a speaker (1980) 974
No 886 – L'affiche en éducation pour la santé (1980) 975
No 887 – Nutrition education : principles and policies related to specific groups (1981) 976
No 888 – Outline of functions of health educators (1980) 977
No 889 – Planning action for the prevention of a health problem (1981) 979
No 890 – Primary care and prevention of some common diseases in children (1980) 980
No 891 – Principles of public speaking (1980) 981
No 892 – Role of health and community education in public health programmes (1981) 982
No 893 – Teaching personal hygiene at scholl (1982) 983
No 894 – Field work report conducted by the Mobile Training Unit for Youth and Community Development Workers (1982) 984
No 895 – Prospects and problems of nonconventional energy development in the Philippines (1982) 985
No 896 – Subsistence affluence to food dependency and malnutrition : deterioration of traditional Pacific Island food systems (1981) 986
No 897 – Environmental factors in urban hygiene in the South Pacific (1970) 987
No 898 – Report on visit to the Cook Islands 24th February – 11th March 1971 988
No 900 – Philippines Dendro-Thermal Power Program : an overview (1982) 989
No 902 – Relation between diet and some chronic degenerative diseases (1981) 990
No 903 – Problems with the 1980 census in a United States Territory : Guam (1981) 991
No 904 – Rapport d’une visite en Polynésie française 3 avril – 14 mai 1972 992
No 905 – Report on a visit to Western Samoa 29 May – 9 june 1972 993
No 906 – Report on a visit to the Cook Islands (1972) 994
No 907 – Report on a visit to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Saipan) 20th-24th August 1972 995

Text

SPC/Fisheries 12/WP. 16  

23 October, 1980  

CATCH RELATIONSHIPS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SKIPJACK AREAS  

IN THE WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC  

ORIGINAL ENGLISH  

SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION  

TWELFTH REGIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING ON FISHERIES  

(Noumea, New Caledonia, 17-21 November 1980)  

by  

Tamotsu Tanaka and Masakazu Yao,  

Tohoku Regional Fisheries Researce Laboratory, Japan.  

1.0 INTRODUCTION  

Japanese distant-water skipjack bait boats have exploited the "Nanpo  

Gyojo (southern ground)” since 1964. There are four significant ocean  

currents in the southern grounds extending from 24°N to latitude. The  

fishing activities begin in each of the currents when the currents intensify.  

Size of major groups increase from south to north, and the amount of catch  

also changes so as to imply the migration of fish. preliminary examination  

of data seems to provide means for pre-season forecast of catches there.  

.0 DATA  

The present examination is based on interviews with master fishermen,  

captains or other leading crews of the the skipjack bait boats that unloa  

at Yaizu during 1951 through 1980. Also size composition data were collected  

either through measuring body length or recording amount of landing by gra e.  

3.0 FISHING AREAS BY CURRENTS  

It has already been noticed that there is close relationship between  

ocean currents and fishing activities in the southern grounds (Tanaka 1974,  

1975). In summary, there are four fishing areas in each of the prominent  

currents. (1) Skipjack are fished in the waters around the Subtropical  

Counter Current that flows eastward around 20°N latitude. The fishing season  

there lasts from late June to September. Most boats operate here for  

cruise or two after the albacore season finishes in the waters adjacent to  

Japan. (2) Then the skipjack boats shift to the North Equatorial Counter  

Current in August, and work there until December or January. The current  

changes its path from year to year, and the major operation area also varies  

accordingly. In these two areas, the high sea surface temperature, 29  

30°C, often brings about mass mortality of bait fish. This is particularly  

serious for long-lasting operations in the North Equatorial Counter Current  

area. As counter measure for tW loss of bait, many boats operate in  

cooler waters east of the Marshall Islands, where the sea surface temperature  

is 27° 28°C. However, warm waters of 29°C or above have been expanding  

recent years, thus hampering profitable operations.  

1243/80  

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